What is Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)? 

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive procedure to remove big or complex kidney stones. A small hole is made in the skin of your back, and a telescope is passed into the kidney to find the stones. They are then broken up using a laser, ultrasonic probe, or mechanical device, and the fragments are removed. In some cases, temporary tubes are left in place to help drain urine. This “keyhole” approach avoids open surgery and allows faster recovery.  

What to expect after the procedure 

After surgery, you may have a temporary catheter in your bladder and possibly a nephrostomy (tube from your back) or ureteric stent (internal tube in the waterpipe). 

Hospital stay usually lasts 1–3 days, sometimes as a day case. 

A scan may be performed before discharge to ensure stones have been cleared.  

You should drink plenty of fluids to flush your urinary system and follow any instructions given for antibiotics or medications. 

Pain and recovery 

Some pain around the kidney or puncture site is normal. Pain is usually controlled with prescribed medications. Recovery typically takes 2–4 weeks, depending on the extent of surgery and your overall health. Most patients can return to work once comfortable, but physically demanding jobs may require a longer recovery.  

How to look after yourself 

  • Keep the puncture site clean and dry; manage minor urine leakage with dressings 
  • Take prescribed antibiotics and pain medication as directed 
  • Drink at least twice your normal fluid intake for the first 24–48 hours 
  • Follow any dietary advice provided to reduce future stone formation 
  • Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activity until cleared by your healthcare team 

Red flags – when to seek medical attention 

Contact your urology team or GP immediately if you experience:  

  • Fever or chills  
  • Worsening pain at the kidney or tummy 
  • Severe bleeding in urine  
  • Unable to peee 
  • Signs of infection at puncture site such as redness, pain, hot to touch 
  • Shortness of breath or chest pain  

Who to contact  

After reading this information, if you have any concerns, please contact:  

Frimley park hospital

  • surgical helpline 07990528061 for advice between 7am-8pm Monday-Sunday.  

Wexham Park hospital surgical helpline:  

If you are feeling unwell, have pain, fevers, or any concerns please present to your local A&E department.  

Contact us

If you have any queries relating to this information, please contact the Urology service.

About this information

Service:
Urology

Reference:
Z/017

Approval date:
22 June 2026

Review date:
1 June 2029

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Important note 

This page provides general information only. It is developed by clinical staff and is reviewed regularly every 3 years for accuracy. For personal advice about your health, or if you have any concerns, please speak to your doctor.