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What is an arthroscopy?

Arthroscopy means “to look within a joint”. It is used to visualise, diagnose and treat problems inside the knee joint. A small camera-like device is inserted into the knee joint. It is often called “keyhole surgery” resulting in small incisions and minimal scarring.

Through the small incisions, the surgeon is able to insert the pencil-shaped arthroscope, a miniature lens and lighting system that magnifies and illuminates the structures inside the joint. Images from the knee can be transmitted onto a television screen. At the same time instruments can be inserted into the knee so that surgery can be performed if required, for example removing part of the meniscus (cartilage).

Why is an arthroscopy necessary?

As well as simply diagnosing a problem within the knee, many procedures can also be performed at the same time. For example:

  • Repair or removal of torn cartilages (menisci). These are the shock absorbers of the knee. Disorders of the cartilage are the most common mechanical problem found in the knee. Tears of the cartilage can either be repaired or removed, depending upon the nature of the damage.
  • Damage to the kneecap (patella) or mal-aligned tissues/structures can be treated.
  • Removal of any loose bodies, i.e. bone, cartilage or debris from the joint.
  • Localised damage to joint surfaces can be shaved.
  • If inflammation is present biopsies of the joint can be taken.

How is arthroscopy performed?

An arthroscopy of the knee is normally carried out under general anaesthetic. It is performed as a day surgery procedure.

The skin surrounding the knee is cleaned and sterilised. Two small incisions are made at the front of the knee; one incision is to insert the arthroscope and the other to insert the instruments required during the procedure. Sometimes additional incisions are necessary. Fluid is inserted through the arthroscope; this allows distension and easy visualisation of the knee joint. A small puncture wound at the side of the knee allows fluid to escape freely. 

Incisions are covered with small dressings and the knee is bandaged.

What to expect following an arthroscopy

Once you have recovered from the anaesthetic, you will be able to walk, taking your full weight on the affected leg. You will be asked to remove the bandage and wool dressing approximately 24-48 hours following your surgery.

The small square dressings and steri-strips (paper strips) are to be left in place. These will be removed by your GP practice or nurse or during your clinic appointment. You will be given spare dressings should they become blood soaked or loose. Is important to keep the area dry until the small incision sites have healed.

You will be seen by a physiotherapist whilst on the ward and given advice regarding exercises. 

Recovery from any operation is variable and depends on a number of factors. Although your hospital stay will be short, full recovery takes time and there may be persistent symptoms in the knee. Although the incisions are small, the work done inside the knee itself may be complex and prolonged causing inevitable reaction in the joint. This can take time to settle. It is recommended that you rest and do not undertake any vigorous activity for at least two weeks following your surgery.

The majority of patients should be walking without undue pain and be able to return to do normal day to day activities, including sedentary work within one to two weeks.

It is advisable to allow one to two weeks before returning to driving, unless you have an automatic car and the left knee has been operated on. 

The small incisions at the front of the knee may well be tender and sore for up to three months.

Returning to sport is variable and depends to a certain extent on the underlying condition. Generally, the best activities to rehabilitate the knee are cycling (or an exercise bike) and swimming. It can be normal for the knee to swell for two to three months following surgery and for the knee to feel a little unstable until the muscles are fully developed again.

It will be at least six weeks before the knee will cope with running, racquet sports, skiing and contact sports. In some cases this can be longer.

What are the possible complications?

Although uncommon, complications can occur following an arthroscopy, which include:

  • Bleeding after the operation.
  • Excessive swelling of the knee – some swelling of the knee is to be expected.
  • Deep vein thrombosis – DVT (clots in the veins).
  • Infection.
  • Synovial fluid leakage from the knee.

If any of the above does occur, please seek medical advice by contacting the unit you were discharged from.

Useful Contacts

Heatherwood Hospital:

Frimley Park Hospital:

Wexham Park Hospital:

Contact us

If you have any queries relating to this information, please contact the Orthopaedics service.

About this information

Service:
Orthopaedics

Reference:
N/007

Approval date:
24 June 2025

Review date:
24 June 2028

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This page provides general information only. It is developed by clinical staff and is reviewed regularly every 3 years for accuracy. For personal advice about your health, or if you have any concerns, please speak to your doctor.